Previous chapters have analysed the creation of minzu categories by the state （Chapters One and Two） and the making of Bai Identity by local elite （Chapter Three）. This chapter focuses on the local people’s memories of their recent past and their internal classifications，which portray a different picture of Bai Identity to the one that the state and the elites have promoted. The narrations of ordinary local people weave rich and complex threads into the Bai tapestry，adding complexity to the Han-Bai division and shaping various degrees of Bai-ness.