In the previous chapters，I have demonstrated that Bai Identity and ethnicity have been contested notions since the 1950s. Bai Identity may be delineated by state-defined demarcation （as discussed in Chapters One and Two），by local self-expressed solidarity in textual products （Chapter Three），or in selected memories and the internal classifications of laypersons （Chapter Four）.Harrell mentioned the same point when he was studying the Yi. This chapter examines benzhu cults because these cults have been widely practiced in Bai communities and well discussed as an important component of a “unique Bai culture” （Xu Jiarui 1979[1949]，Tian Huaiqing 1987，Zhan Chengxu 1990，1994；Yang Zhengye 1994，Ma Yao 1995，Li Zhengqing 1998）.Benzhu cults are often discussed as Acarya，a Bai religion，see Li Donghong （2000） for more discussion.